News: Open Positions

CMMRS 2025: A week-long school for outstanding undergrad/MS students curious about research in computing. Apply now!

November 24, 2024

Outstanding undergraduate and Masters students are invited to apply to the 9th annual Cornell, Maryland, Max Planck Pre-doctoral Research School. Applications are requested from students in computer and information science, computer engineering, or a related discipline.  The 9th edition of this annual series of week-long schools will focus on emerging research trends in computer science.

The small, select group of attendees will be exposed to state-of-the-art research in computer science, have the opportunity to interact one-on-one with internationally leading scientists from three of the foremost academic institutions in research and higher learning in the US and in Europe,

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Outstanding undergraduate and Masters students are invited to apply to the 9th annual Cornell, Maryland, Max Planck Pre-doctoral Research School. Applications are requested from students in computer and information science, computer engineering, or a related discipline.  The 9th edition of this annual series of week-long schools will focus on emerging research trends in computer science.

The small, select group of attendees will be exposed to state-of-the-art research in computer science, have the opportunity to interact one-on-one with internationally leading scientists from three of the foremost academic institutions in research and higher learning in the US and in Europe, and network with like-minded students. They will get a sense of what it is like to pursue an academic or an industrial research career in computer science and have a head start when applying for graduate school.

For full consideration, applications should be received by February 15, 2025 AOE. Travel and accommodation will be covered for accepted students.

Further information about the school and how to apply can be found at https://cmmrs.mpi-sws.org

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Upcoming Application deadlines for MPI doctoral programs

November 22, 2024

MPIs and their partner universities offer a vibrant, dynamic, multi-cultural environment for research and education.  We currently have openings for doctoral positions in several graduate programs. To help you choose which program is the best fit, we recommend you read the short descriptions on the MPI-SWS careers page. You can apply to more than one program, but please do so only if more than one program matches your interests.

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MPIs and their partner universities offer a vibrant, dynamic, multi-cultural environment for research and education.  We currently have openings for doctoral positions in several graduate programs. To help you choose which program is the best fit, we recommend you read the short descriptions on the MPI-SWS careers page. You can apply to more than one program, but please do so only if more than one program matches your interests. If you are interested in applying to one or more of these programs, please note that the application deadlines are rapidly approaching.

Highly qualified, broadly interested students who would like to have the opportunity to work with faculty at any MPI or partner university should apply to the cs@max planck program. Applications are due by December 31.

Students who would additionally like to have the opportunity to conduct part of the doctoral program at a top US university should also apply to the Maryland Max Planck Ph.D. Program. Applications are due by December 20.

Students who are already committed to a specific research area should also apply to one of the more specialized programs.

For more information, see the overview of our graduate programs, research careers at MPI-SWS, or apply for positions through our application portal.

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Tenure-track Openings* at Computer Science MPIs

October 23, 2024

The Max Planck Institutes (MPIs) for Informatics, for Security & Privacy, and for Software Systems invite applications for tenure-track faculty in all areas of computer science and its intersection with other disciplines. We expect to fill several positions.

A doctoral degree in computer science or related fields and an outstanding research record are required. Successful candidates are expected to build a team and pursue a highly visible research agenda, both independently and in collaboration with other groups.

...

The Max Planck Institutes (MPIs) for Informatics, for Security & Privacy, and for Software Systems invite applications for tenure-track faculty in all areas of computer science and its intersection with other disciplines. We expect to fill several positions.

A doctoral degree in computer science or related fields and an outstanding research record are required. Successful candidates are expected to build a team and pursue a highly visible research agenda, both independently and in collaboration with other groups.

The institutes are part of a network of over 80 MPIs, Germany’s premier basic-research institutes. MPIs have an established record of world-class, foundational research in the sciences, technology, and the humanities. The institutes offer a unique environment that combines the best aspects of a university department and a research laboratory: Faculty enjoy full academic freedom, lead a team of doctoral students and post-docs, and have the opportunity to teach university courses; at the same time, they enjoy ongoing institutional funding in addition to third-party funds, a technical infrastructure unrivaled for an academic institution, as well as internationally competitive compensation.

We maintain an international and diverse work environment and seek applications from outstanding researchers worldwide. The working language is English; knowledge of the German language is not required for a successful career at the institutes.

Qualified candidates should apply using the application portal at https://shlink.mpi-sws.org/faculty. For full consideration, applications should be submitted by December 1st, 2024.

MPIs are committed to fostering a diverse, inclusive, and global academic community, and consider qualified applicants for employment without discrimination on the basis of gender, race, disability, ethnic or social origin, or any other legally protected status. We particularly encourage applications from groups that are underrepresented in computer science. We welcome applications from dual-career couples and will do our best to try and accommodate their needs.

The initial tenure-track appointment is for six years. A permanent contract can be awarded upon a successful tenure evaluation in the sixth year.

* W2 German Federal Civil Service Renumeration Act (BBesG)

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Tenure-track Openings at Max Planck Institutes in Computer Science

November 11, 2022

The Max Planck Institutes in Computer Science invite applications for tenure-track faculty in all areas of computer science. We expect to fill several positions.

A doctoral degree in computer science or related areas and an outstanding research record are required. Successful candidates are expected to build a team and pursue a highly visible research agenda, both independently and in collaboration with other groups.

The institutes are part of a network of over 80 Max Planck Institutes,

...

The Max Planck Institutes in Computer Science invite applications for tenure-track faculty in all areas of computer science. We expect to fill several positions.

A doctoral degree in computer science or related areas and an outstanding research record are required. Successful candidates are expected to build a team and pursue a highly visible research agenda, both independently and in collaboration with other groups.

The institutes are part of a network of over 80 Max Planck Institutes, Germany's premier basic-research organisations. MPIs have an established record of world-class, foundational research in the sciences, technology, and the humanities. The institutes offer a unique environment that combines the best aspects of a university department and a research laboratory: Faculty enjoy full academic freedom, lead a team of doctoral students and postdocs, and have the opportunity to teach university courses; at the same time, they enjoy ongoing institutional funding in addition to third-party funds, a technical infrastructure unrivaled for an academic institution, as well as internationally competitive compensation.

We maintain an international and diverse work environment and seek applications from outstanding researchers worldwide. The working language is English; knowledge of the German language is not required for a successful career at the institutes.

Qualified candidates should apply on our application website (apply.cis.mpg.de). Review of applications will begin by December 1st, 2022.

The Max Planck Society wishes to increase the number of women in those areas where they are underrepresented. Women are therefore explicitly encouraged to apply. The Max Planck Society is also committed to increasing the number of employees with severe disabilities in its workforce. Applications from persons with severe disabilities are expressly desired.

The initial tenure-track appointment is for five years; it can be extended to seven years based on a positive midterm evaluation in the fourth year. A permanent contract can be awarded upon a successful tenure evaluation in the sixth year.

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Tenure-track Openings at Max Planck Institutes in Computer Science

November 8, 2021

The Max Planck Institutes for Informatics (Saarbruecken), Software Systems (Saarbruecken and Kaiserslautern), and Security and Privacy (Bochum) invite applications for tenure-track faculty in all areas of computer science. We expect to fill several positions.

A doctoral degree in computer science or related areas and an outstanding research record are required. Successful candidates are expected to build a team and pursue a highly visible research agenda, both independently and in collaboration with other groups.

...

The Max Planck Institutes for Informatics (Saarbruecken), Software Systems (Saarbruecken and Kaiserslautern), and Security and Privacy (Bochum) invite applications for tenure-track faculty in all areas of computer science. We expect to fill several positions.

A doctoral degree in computer science or related areas and an outstanding research record are required. Successful candidates are expected to build a team and pursue a highly visible research agenda, both independently and in collaboration with other groups.

The institutes are part of a network of over 80 Max Planck Institutes, Germany's premier basic-research organisations. MPIs have an established record of world-class, foundational research in the sciences, technology, and the humanities. The institutes offer a unique environment that combines the best aspects of a university department and a research laboratory: Faculty enjoy full academic freedom, lead a team of doctoral students and postdocs, and have the opportunity to teach university courses; at the same time, they enjoy ongoing institutional funding in addition to third-party funds, a technical infrastructure unrivaled for an academic institution, as well as internationally competitive compensation.

We maintain an international and diverse work environment and seek applications from outstanding researchers worldwide. The working language is English; knowledge of the German language is not required for a successful career at the institutes.

Qualified candidates should apply on our application website (apply.cis.mpg.de). Review of applications will begin by December 1st, 2021.

The Max Planck Society wishes to increase the number of women in those areas where they are underrepresented. Women are therefore explicitly encouraged to apply. The Max Planck Society is also committed to increasing the number of employees with severe disabilities in its workforce. Applications from persons with severe disabilities are expressly desired.

The initial tenure-track appointment is for five years; it can be extended to seven years based on a positive midterm evaluation in the fourth year. A permanent contract can be awarded upon a successful tenure evaluation in the sixth year.

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Tenure-track Openings at Max Planck Institutes in Computer Science

November 3, 2020

The Max Planck Institutes for Informatics (Saarbruecken), Software Systems (Saarbruecken and Kaiserslautern), and Security and Privacy (Bochum), invite applications for tenure-track faculty in all areas of computer science. We expect to fill several positions.

A doctoral degree in computer science or related areas and an outstanding research record are required. Successful candidates are expected to build a team and pursue a highly visible research agenda, both independently and in collaboration with other groups.

...

The Max Planck Institutes for Informatics (Saarbruecken), Software Systems (Saarbruecken and Kaiserslautern), and Security and Privacy (Bochum), invite applications for tenure-track faculty in all areas of computer science. We expect to fill several positions.

A doctoral degree in computer science or related areas and an outstanding research record are required. Successful candidates are expected to build a team and pursue a highly visible research agenda, both independently and in collaboration with other groups.

The institutes are part of a network of over 80 Max Planck Institutes, Germany's premier basic-research organisations. MPIs have an established record of world-class, foundational research in the sciences, technology, and the humanities. The institutes offer a unique environment that combines the best aspects of a university department and a research laboratory: Faculty enjoy full academic freedom, lead a team of doctoral students and postdocs, and have the opportunity to teach university courses; at the same time, they enjoy ongoing institutional funding in addition to third-party funds, a technical infrastructure unrivaled for an academic institution, as well as internationally competitive compensation.

We maintain an international and diverse work environment and seek applications from outstanding researchers worldwide. The working language is English; knowledge of the German language is not required for a successful career at the institutes.

Qualified candidates should apply on our application website (apply.cis.mpg.de). To receive full consideration, applications should be received by December 15th, 2020.

The Max Planck Society wishes to increase the number of women in those areas where they are underrepresented. Women are therefore explicitly encouraged to apply. The Max Planck Society is also committed to increasing the number of employees with severe disabilities in its workforce. Applications from persons with severe disabilities are expressly desired.

The initial tenure-track appointment is for five years; it can be extended to seven years based on a positive midterm evaluation in the fourth year. A permanent contract can be awarded upon a successful tenure evaluation in the sixth year.

Read more

Tenure-track Openings at Max Planck Institutes in Computer Science

October 15, 2019

The Max Planck Institutes for Informatics (Saarbruecken), Software Systems (Saarbruecken and Kaiserslautern), and Security and Privacy (Bochum), invite applications for tenure-track faculty in all areas of computer science. Pending final approval, we expect to fill several positions.

A doctoral degree in computer science or related areas and an outstanding research record are required. Successful candidates are expected to build a team and pursue a highly visible research agenda, both independently and in collaboration with other groups.

...

The Max Planck Institutes for Informatics (Saarbruecken), Software Systems (Saarbruecken and Kaiserslautern), and Security and Privacy (Bochum), invite applications for tenure-track faculty in all areas of computer science. Pending final approval, we expect to fill several positions.

A doctoral degree in computer science or related areas and an outstanding research record are required. Successful candidates are expected to build a team and pursue a highly visible research agenda, both independently and in collaboration with other groups.

The institutes are part of a network of over 80 Max Planck Institutes, Germany's premier basic-research organisations. MPIs have an established record of world-class, foundational research in the sciences, technology, and the humanities. The institutes offer a unique environment that combines the best aspects of a university department and a research laboratory: Faculty enjoy full academic freedom, lead a team of doctoral students and post-docs, and have the opportunity to teach university courses; at the same time, they enjoy ongoing institutional funding in addition to third-party funds, a technical infrastructure unrivaled for an academic institution, as well as internationally competitive compensation.

We maintain an international and diverse work environment and seek applications from outstanding researchers worldwide. The working language is English; knowledge of the German language is not required for a successful career at the institutes.

Qualified candidates should apply on our application website (apply.cis.mpg.de). To receive full consideration, applications should be received by December 15th, 2019.

The Max Planck Society wishes to increase the number of women in those areas where they are underrepresented. Women are therefore explicitly encouraged to apply. The Max Planck Society is also committed to increasing the number of employees with severe disabilities in its workforce. Applications from persons with severe disabilities are expressly desired.

The initial tenure-track appointment is for five years; it can be extended to seven years based on a midterm evaluation in the fourth year. A permanent contract can be awarded upon a successful tenure evaluation in the sixth year.

Read more

Several Open Positions in the ERC-funded TOROS Project

August 20, 2019

The TOROS project, kindly supported by an ERC starting grant, is looking to fill several open PhD and Postdoc positions. Candidates with prior experience in

  • the Rust programming language,
  • the Coq proof assistant,
  • operating system construction, and/or
  • probabilistic schedulability analysis

are particularly welcome. Check out the project page for details.

Junior Research Group leader positions at MPI-SWS

April 23, 2019

The Max Planck Institute for Software Systems (MPI-SWS) is inviting applications for Junior Research Group leader positions in systems and machine learning (SysML), human-oriented machine learning (fairness, accountability, transparency, and ethical aspects of AI), adversarial ML, reinforcement learning,  human-computer interaction with ML/social aspects, natural language processing, and learning & cognitive sciences.

Our Junior Research Group program offers young scientists the opportunity to develop their own research program. The position is funded for 5 years with the possibility of a 2-year extension.

...

The Max Planck Institute for Software Systems (MPI-SWS) is inviting applications for Junior Research Group leader positions in systems and machine learning (SysML), human-oriented machine learning (fairness, accountability, transparency, and ethical aspects of AI), adversarial ML, reinforcement learning,  human-computer interaction with ML/social aspects, natural language processing, and learning & cognitive sciences.

Our Junior Research Group program offers young scientists the opportunity to develop their own research program. The position is funded for 5 years with the possibility of a 2-year extension. Applicants must have completed a doctoral degree in computer science or related areas and must have demonstrated outstanding research vision and potential to successfully lead a research group. Successful candidates are expected to build a highly visible research agenda, to mentor junior scientists, and to participate in collaborative projects.

The Max Planck Institute for Software Systems is located in Saarbruecken and Kaiserslautern in Germany. We maintain an open, international, and diverse work environment and seek applications from outstanding researchers regardless of national origin. Our working language is English. We collaborate with several major research institutions worldwide and have high international visibility. There is generous travel, administrative, and technical support available for all group members.

Please apply at https://apply.mpi-sws.org/ under ``Research Group Leader''. You need to upload your CV, a research plan, an optional teaching statement, and 3-5 references. Reviewing of applications will commence on 15 May 2019 and will continue until the positions are filled. The expecting starting date for the position is Fall 2019. Informal inquiries can be addressed to applications-sis@mpi-sws.org.

The Max Planck Society is committed to employing more individuals with disabilities and expressly welcomes them to apply. The Max Planck Society seeks to increase the percentage of women in the areas where they are underrepresented and expressly welcomes them to apply.

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Tenure-Track Faculty Position

October 23, 2018

Applications are invited for tenure-track faculty in all areas of computer science. Pending final approval, we expect to fill one position.

A doctoral degree in computer science or related areas and an outstanding research record are required. Successful candidates are expected to build a team and pursue a highly visible research agenda, both independently and in collaboration with other groups.

MPI-SWS is part of a network of over 80 Max Planck Institutes,

...

Applications are invited for tenure-track faculty in all areas of computer science. Pending final approval, we expect to fill one position.

A doctoral degree in computer science or related areas and an outstanding research record are required. Successful candidates are expected to build a team and pursue a highly visible research agenda, both independently and in collaboration with other groups.

MPI-SWS is part of a network of over 80 Max Planck Institutes, Germany’s premier basic-research organisations. MPIs have an established record of world-class, foundational research in the sciences, technology, and the humanities. The institute offers a unique environment that combines the best aspects of a university department and a research laboratory: Faculty enjoy full academic freedom, lead a team of doctoral students and post-docs, and have the opportunity to teach university courses; at the same time, they enjoy ongoing institutional funding in addition to third-party funds, a technical infrastructure unrivaled for an academic institution, as well as internationally competitive compensation.

The institute is located in the German cities of Saarbruecken and Kaiserslautern, in the tri-border area of Germany, France, and Luxembourg. We maintain an international and diverse work environment and seek applications from outstanding researchers worldwide. The working language is English; knowledge of the German language is not required for a successful career at the institute.

Qualified candidates should apply on our application website (apply.mpi-sws.org). To receive full consideration, applications should be received by December 1st, 2018.

The institute is committed to increasing the representation of women and minorities, as well as of individuals with physical disabilities. We particularly encourage such individuals to apply. The initial tenure-track appointment is for five years; it can be extended to seven years based on a midterm evaluation in the fourth year. A permanent contract can be awarded upon a successful tenure evaluation in the sixth year.

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Several Open Positions in the ERC-funded RustBelt Project

September 7, 2018

The RustBelt project, kindly supported by an ERC Consolidator Grant, is looking to fill several open PhD and Postdoc positions.

POSTDOCS: We are seeking exceptional candidates with a strong, internationally competitive track record of research in programming languages and/or verification.  The primary criterion is quality, but I am particularly interested in candidates who have specialized expertise in one or more of the following areas:

- Rust - substructural/ownership type systems - verification of concurrent programs - weak/relaxed memory models - interactive theorem proving in Coq - compiler verification

Experience programming in Rust is a welcome bonus,

...

The RustBelt project, kindly supported by an ERC Consolidator Grant, is looking to fill several open PhD and Postdoc positions.

POSTDOCS: We are seeking exceptional candidates with a strong, internationally competitive track record of research in programming languages and/or verification.  The primary criterion is quality, but I am particularly interested in candidates who have specialized expertise in one or more of the following areas:

- Rust - substructural/ownership type systems - verification of concurrent programs - weak/relaxed memory models - interactive theorem proving in Coq - compiler verification

Experience programming in Rust is a welcome bonus, but not required.

STUDENTS: We are seeking exceptional candidates who have at least some background in programming language theory and/or formal methods, and who are eager to work on deep foundational problems with the potential for direct impact on a real, actively developed language.  A bachelor's or master's degree is required.  For more details about the MPI-SWS graduate program, see here: https://www.mpi-sws.org/graduate-studies/.

Successful applicants will join the Foundations of Programming group, led by Derek Dreyer at the Max Planck Institute for Software Systems (MPI-SWS) in Saarbruecken, Germany.  Current and former postdocs in the group have included Andreas Rossberg (co-designer of WebAssembly), Chung-Kil Hur, Neel Krishnaswami, Aaron Turon (manager of the Rust project at Mozilla), Jacques-Henri Jourdan, Ori Lahav, Pierre-Marie Pédrot, and Azalea Raad.  Current and former PhD students in the group have included Georg Neis, Beta Ziliani, Scott Kilpatrick, David Swasey, Ralf Jung, Jan-Oliver Kaiser, Hoang-Hai Dang, Marko Doko, and @pythonesque.  The RustBelt project benefits from longstanding active collaborations with Viktor Vafeiadis (MPI-SWS), Lars Birkedal (Aarhus University), Chung-Kil Hur & Jeehoon Kang (Seoul National University), Deepak Garg (MPI-SWS), and Robbert Krebbers (TU Delft), as well as the many contributors to the Iris project (http://iris-project.org).

The working language at MPI-SWS is English.

Application deadline: OCTOBER 31.  If you are interested in joining the RustBelt team and want to learn more about the project, please contact Derek Dreyer directly at dreyer@mpi-sws.org.  To apply for a postdoc (or PhD student) position, please submit a CV (and/or grade transcript), research statement (or statement of purpose), and list of references to https://apply.mpi-sws.org.

For further information, see the project web page at: http://plv.mpi-sws.org/rustbelt/

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Multiple Tenure-Track Faculty Openings

September 29, 2017

Applications are invited for faculty positions at all career stages in computer science, with a particular emphasis on systems (broadly construed). We expect multiple positions to be filled in systems, but exceptional candidates in other areas of computer science are also strongly encouraged to apply.

A doctoral degree in computer science or related areas and an outstanding research record (commensurate for the applicant's career stage) are required. Successful candidates are expected to build a team and pursue a highly visible research agenda,

...

Applications are invited for faculty positions at all career stages in computer science, with a particular emphasis on systems (broadly construed). We expect multiple positions to be filled in systems, but exceptional candidates in other areas of computer science are also strongly encouraged to apply.

A doctoral degree in computer science or related areas and an outstanding research record (commensurate for the applicant's career stage) are required. Successful candidates are expected to build a team and pursue a highly visible research agenda, both independently and in collaboration with other groups.

MPI-SWS is part of a network of over 80 Max Planck Institutes, Germany's premier basic-research organisations. MPIs have an established record of world-class, foundational research in the sciences, technology, and the humanities. The institute offers a unique environment that combines the best aspects of a university department and a research laboratory: Faculty enjoy full academic freedom, lead a team of doctoral students and post-docs, and have the opportunity to teach university courses; at the same time, they enjoy ongoing institutional funding in addition to third-party funds, a technical infrastructure unrivaled for an academic institution, as well as internationally competitive compensation.

The institute is located in the German cities of Saarbruecken and Kaiserslautern, in the tri-border area of Germany, France, and Luxembourg. We maintain an international and diverse work environment and seek applications from outstanding researchers worldwide. The working language is English; knowledge of the German language is not required for a successful career at the institute.

Qualified candidates should apply on our application website (apply.mpi-sws.org). To receive full consideration, applications should be received by December 1st, 2017.

The institute is committed to increasing the representation of minorities, women, and individuals with physical disabilities. We particularly encourage such individuals to apply. The initial tenure-track appointment is for five years; it can be extended to seven years based on a midterm evaluation in the fourth year. A permanent contract can be awarded upon a successful tenure evaluation in the sixth year.

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Join us! Applications invited for doctoral and post-doctoral positions

November 9, 2016

MPI-SWS offers a vibrant, dynamic, multi-cultural environment for research and education. We have openings for both graduate students and postdoctoral research scholars.

Graduate students work as members of one or more of the institute's research groups, which perform internationally leading, highly visible research in their respective fields of specialization. Graduate students receive individual training and mentorship from MPI-SWS faculty, preparing them for leadership positions in academic or industrial research.

Postdoctoral Fellows have the opportunity to work with MPI-SWS faculty on existing lines of research,

...

MPI-SWS offers a vibrant, dynamic, multi-cultural environment for research and education. We have openings for both graduate students and postdoctoral research scholars.

Graduate students work as members of one or more of the institute's research groups, which perform internationally leading, highly visible research in their respective fields of specialization. Graduate students receive individual training and mentorship from MPI-SWS faculty, preparing them for leadership positions in academic or industrial research.

Postdoctoral Fellows have the opportunity to work with MPI-SWS faculty on existing lines of research, as well as develop their own research agenda under MPI-SWS faculty supervision.

For more information, see the overview of our graduate program, research careers at MPI-SWS, or apply for positions through our application portal.

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Max Planck Society Seeks Nominations for Scientific Directors

November 9, 2016

The Max Planck Society  seeks nominations  for scientific directors in several research fields, including Computer Science. Nominations should be received by Dec 12, 2016.

Multiple Tenure-Track Openings

November 9, 2016

Applications are invited for tenure-track faculty positions in all areas related to the theory and practice of software systems, including security and privacy, embedded and mobile systems, distributed and parallel systems, computational social science, legal, economic, and social aspects of computing, NLP, machine learning, information and knowledge management, programming languages, algorithms and logic, and verification.

To receive full consideration, applications should be received by December 15, 2016. For further details see our job ad.

Multiple Tenure-Track Faculty Openings

October 1, 2016

Applications are invited for tenure-track faculty positions in all areas related to the theory and practice of software systems, including security and privacy, embedded and mobile systems, distributed and parallel systems, computational social science, legal, economic, and social aspects of computing, NLP, machine learning, information and knowledge management, programming languages, algorithms and logic, and verification.

To receive full consideration, applications should be received by December 15, 2016. For further details see our job ad.

Announcing the Maryland Max Planck Ph.D. Program in Computer Science

April 1, 2016

We are pleased to announce the formation of The Maryland Max Planck Ph.D. Program in Computer Science. This program offers students a unique opportunity to pursue a Ph.D. degree under the supervision of faculty from the University of Maryland, USA, and a Max Planck Institute in Germany. Students are co-advised, perform collaborative research, take advantage of the expertise, resources, and culture at both institutions, and spend time in both countries.